Dam, Type of Dam, And selection of type of Dam

DAM:-  A Dum may be defined as a constructed by solid barriers at the suitable location across river valley with a purpose of impounding the water flowing through that rives. 

OBJECTIVES:-

1. Generation of hydro energy.

2. Water supply for irrigation and other domestic consumption.

3. control the floods.

4. fish forming. 

5. provider navigational facilities.

TYPE OF DAM

1. Gravity Dam

2. Buttress Dam 

3. Arch Dam

4. Embankment Dam

5. Composite Dam

   

Gravity Dam:-

Gravity Dam is designed as a triangular profile. solid concrete structure. it can safely Stand against the precalculate Volume of Water By virtue of its water. 

• In Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh in north India concrete Gravity Dam across Sutlej River second tallest Dam  Bhakra Dam(_225.55m). Highest  Next to the Tehri Dam (261m ). 

BHAKRA DAM 90 km reservoir wire over the Area 168.35km^2. second largest Reservoir. First is Sagar Dam in m.p.(INDIA).

  

2. Buttress Dam:-

Buttress Dam is also known is Hollow Dam. Water upstream is supported by Downstream at an interval of series of buttress or support.  

It is one type of gravity dam it is made by reinforced concrete and  Heavy. 

side view 

Buttes type Dum Complected in 1804 Mir Alam multi Arch dam in Hyderabad of water supply. this Dam work of Henry Russel a member of British Royal Engineer. Hight of this Dam is 12M consisted of 21m semicircular.

3. Arch Dam:-

The main purpose of the arch dam is cut out the thrust forces. it is a solid structure. major force is transmitted to the arch.

  TWO TYPE:-

1. constant radius arch Dam

2. Variable radius arch Dam

 Constant Radius Arch Dam: -Radius of curvature throughout the structure is the constant and upstream force is vertical. 

Variable radius arch Dam:- Radius is different Upstream and Downstream.

this type of dum in Kerala at Periyar river (167.7m )parabolic curvature. IT is  Asia third large Dam.  

 Generate of power  780 MW.  It is Kerala government. 

  

 4. Embankment Dam:-

This type of Dam is built a single type material. Nonrigid structure Which is built on the river valley with variable fundamental.

The main advantage of this Dam. It is construction weak fundamental.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    

Good Example is the Tehri Dam. The highest dam in India and the largest in the world.

 it is located at Uttarakhand Tehri village on the Bhagirathi river. main purposes are municipal water supply and generation of 1000 mW power.      

5. Composite Dam:-
It is a combination of one or more Dam type Dam.
Combination of two dams is either embankment or gravity Dam. 

Ujana dam also knows as Bhima Dam or Bhima irrigation project on Krishna River. It is made by earth fill. Located near the ujani village in m.p.(India)

SELECTION OF DUM SITES:-

 Selection of Sides on the basics of the following basis 
1. Topographically: First chose the place for construction. It must be the small valley with a catchment basin available behind so the amount of water can be stored in the reservoirs created upstream. 
2. spillway location:-  At the time of the flood enough amount of water store. so enough amount of water passes out through Spillway. 
3. The possibility of river diversions during construction:-  In the time of dam construction river can diversions a particular Side. To proper construction of the Dam. 
4. constructionally:-
 The material used for construction is not far from the side where Dam made. it cost increase of construction.

5. Human Welfare:-

     The Dam location Far from the city because in the time of destruction or failure minimum damage. 

 6.Economically:- 
                                                                                                                                                       





                                                                                                                        
    
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

Grid control using password base authentication system with automation using ardino

These days, societies became very advance, all want security so in this project we show, how to control power distribution  #GSS(gride substation )  and PSS(power substation) using password base

 In this project, we showed how to control GSS and PSS by password:- 

FIRST STAPE:-

IN the take PCB BORD -(printed-circuit-board) show in a figure below:-

TAKE 

5 Pin Mini SPDT Relay 

NUMBER OF relays =3

then a connected relay to relays driver shown in figure

the photo is shown in figure

                                                        RELAY

                           RELAY DRIVE

 The connection of relay and relay drive:-

   shown in figures:-
   

                                     if know how to the connection of relay visit:- https://goo.gl/cuwsmx                                                             

 Then taking, shown in figure:-                                                                                                                                                                                                                         

The connection of display shown in figure:_

IN THIS DISPLAY CHOSE 6 STARTING AND 6 LAST CONNECTION;- 

ground.

variable resistance use for the only form purpose of display brightness
not any other purpose...

Wind/PV Hybrid System using MATLAB-Simulink

 In the last few years, because of high depletion of conventional energy resources and environment concerns, the renewable energy resources are becoming more important all over the world. Among different renewable energy sources, wind and solar energy sources are most promising. Since the oil crisis of the early 1970s, the utilization of solar and wind power has become increasingly noteworthy, popular and cost-effective. But the main disadvantage of solar and wind energy system is that it depends on seasonal variation and it is unpredictable in nature. As both wind and solar energy sources are not consistent and non-stable in nature. A hybrid system of wind and PV power sources provides a stable form of power generation. Hybrid energy systems are cost effective energy solutions with high reliability and power quality. Individual photovoltaic (PV) or wind energy system, do not generate utilizable energy for a large portion of time during the year. This is because of dependency on variable sunshine hours in PV system and on relatively high cut-in wind speeds. In this paper individual modeling of PV and wind energy system is done and studied in Matlab/Simulink software.